The most reliable method for quantifying the pharmacodynamic properties of a new insulin preparation (onset of action; peak action; end of glucose-lowering action) is the euglycemic glucose clamp technique. Glucose is infused intravenously at a variable rate to maintain blood glucose at euglycemia following the administration of the test insulin preparation. Most often this will be a subcutaneous injection, but the technique is adaptable for insulin delivered by other routes, e.g. pulmonary insulin, oral insulin. Clamp-derived time-action profiles are mandated by U.S. and European regulators for market approval of new insulins and biosimilar insulins.